Welcome PawelF,
Looks like U17 (step-down regulator RY8336) is blown as BoguesUser already mentioned.
Have a look at the blue frames, these are the relevant parts on the board.
The +12V output voltage goes just to VAN0 to VAN5 and VCool (schematics). Pin header P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P15, P17 (pic above). See Manta-M8P/V1.0_V1.1/Hardware/BIGTREETECH MANTA M8P V1.0-SCH.pdf at master · bigtreetech/Manta-M8P · GitHub
VAN0 to VAN3 have the same orientation. The other pin headers are turned by 180°!
Could it be, you made a mistake when connecting?
Are you able to solder? You can get a fresh RY8336 quite easy for very little money.