edit
Since you almost changed everything except your SBC
I think your RPi is faulty.
I run your attached klippy.log through Sineos excellent graphstats tool https://klipper.discourse.group/t/advanced-trouble-shooting-graphing-klipper.
Actually, I used the latest version Graph Klipper Stats (@Sineos, you might update that in your Knowledge Base).
graphstats.pdf (447.3 KB)
Have a look at the temperatures of your RPi shortly before the error occurs.
The temperature increases just a few degrees, but it’s significant and in my eyes suspicious. From more or less linear into an exponential curve.
I would try another RPi or other SBC…
…or could your OS on the RPi cause the problem?
Good luck, hcet14