It seems like a lot of the tuning params (like pressure_advance) are specified in printer.cfg, but (may) vary with temperature and filament type. Is there a way to set PA specifically – and other parameters more generally – via custom g-code in the slicer config?
All supported g-codes are at this link.
For pressure advance you would use SET_PRESSURE_ADVANCE EXTRUDER=<config_name> ADVANCE=<pressure_advance>
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Thanks, Jake. I’ll update here if I find any others that are relevant. I thought there was at least one aside from the pressure advance, but I’m blanking on it, now. 
All the parameters that can be controlled from Gcode in the slicer are in the Gcodes document.
Gcodes
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I like to have this options in printer.cfg so I don’t need to resclice that much…
[extruder]
…
#rotation_distance: 26.71 #ABS
rotation_distance: 25.114 #PLA
#rotation_distance: 26.185 #wood
…
pressure_advance: 0.046665 #PLA
#pressure_advance: 0.06665 #petg
…
rotation_distance is reflecting the properties of your mechanical system and IMO should not be used to tune filament specific properties.
You can use macros to switch filaments and use:
SET_EXTRUDER_STEP_DISTANCE
SET_PRESSURE_ADVANCE
Refer to the link posted by @jakep_82 for the command and to @mental excellent macro tutorial: Macro Creation Tutorial
as the filaments I use have a little bit different structures and diameter-tolerances do a calibrating (measure and extrude 100mm) with each filament-type and as I get different results I could change the feedrate in slicer or at the printer or I can change the rotation_distance
same for pressure advance as all this stuff depends on the filament (and extruder and hotend and environment)
I don’t say it’s the best solution for everyone to set this options in printer-cfg but I like it
and at most I like to have the option - thank you klipper
if you may use different sclicers and test and change a lot it’s sometimes good to know some parameters are ‘always correct’ 
oh and another great option is to use SET_EXTRUDER_STEP_DISTANCE, SET_PRESSURE_ADVANCE, etc. in you start-macro so it’s all at one place